21. Lichen

This is a picture of lichen. Lichen is an organism that consists of a fungus and an alga living in a close, physical relationship which is beneficial to the fungus and alga (symbiosis). The alga provides nutrients by photosynthesis, while the fungus shades the alga from excessive sunlight and supplies water by absorbing water vapor from the air. Lichens can grow on trees as well as rocks.   

20. Hydrophobic

This is a picture of water and vegetable oil. This represents a hydrophobic substance repelling water. The term hydrophobic means "water fearing". Water is a polar molecule (a molecule with a net dipole of the opposing charges), and will only mix with other polar molecules (these are called hydrophilic molecules). A hydrophobic molecule is one where there is no net dipole of the charges in the molecule (also called nonpolar molecules). In this case vegetable oil is the hydrophobic substance because it is a nonpolar molecule. The atoms are arranged in such a way that no net dipole is present, thus basically inert to the net dipole that is present in polar molecules. The result is the vegetable oil repelling water (not mixing), and is seen on the blue plate.

19. Eukaryote

This is a picture of orchids. Orchids represent eukaryotes. A eukaryote is an organism that consists of a cell or cells in which the genetic material (DNA) is contained in a nucleus. An orchid is a plant, whose cells contain a variety of organelles (subunits within a cell that have a specific function). One of these organelles is a nucleus which stores genetic material. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungus, protists, and some bacteria. 

18. CAM Plant

This is picture of pineapples. A pineapple represents a CAM plant. A CAM plant is one that utilizes the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as an adaptation to hot and dry climates. The crassulacean acid metabolism begins with the stomata (pores on the leaves that allow the transferring of gases) opening at cool and humid hours (at night), thus permitting the uptake of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide then reacts with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)) to form oxaloacetic acid. This acid reacts with dehydrogenase (an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate) and forms malic acid, which is stored in the vacuoles at night. Over night the pH of the vacuoles and cytoplasm significantly decreases, causing the enzymes to stop functioning. When daylight comes, the stomata closes and the malic acid breaks down and forms carbon dioxide (as well as other products) which will be used to react with the enzyme RuBisCo and enter the Calvin Cycle. This form of photosynthesis preserves water via closed stomata and evapotranspiration. Other examples of CAM plants, exists in arid climates such as orchids and cacti.

17. C4 Plant

This is a picture of corn. The corn represents a C₄ plant. A C₄ plant utilizes four carbon atoms to convert carbon dioxide into an inorganic compound (carbon fixation). The process in which carbon dioxide is converted into an inorganic compound is more complex than that of a C₃ plant. First, the carbon dioxide reacts with phosphoenolpyruvate (a molecule in which enzymes act upon) in the mesophyll cell (a cell that contains an abundant amount of chloroplast that is necessary to conduct a photosynthesis reaction). The resulting product of the catalyzed phosphoenolpyruvate is oxaloacetic acid, which is then transported to the bundle sheath cells (cells that protect the vascular bundles and is the site where plants utilizes the carbon dioxide to create sugar energy). The oxaloacetic acid loses its carboxyl group, thus releasing carbon dioxide which is utilized in the C₃ pathway. Other examples of C₄ plants include some plants that grow in arid climates like sugarcane.

16. Modified Leaf of a Plant

This is a picture of roses. Roses are a type of flower that have modified leaves. A modified leaf is an adaptation to a leaf that is used to benefit the plant and serves a unique function. Due to the smell of the roses, thorns were adapted to protect it from being eaten by animals that were attracted to its smell. There are many other species of plants that have similar modified leaves such as thistles, aloe, and cacti.

15. Amniotic Egg

This is a picture of turtles. A turtle is capable of laying amniotic eggs. An amniotic egg is an egg that is produced by reptiles, birds, and some mammals. The egg is protected by a strong, yet porous shell (so the embryo does not suffocate). The amniotic egg contains four sacs (chorion, amnion, allantois, and the yolk sac) which protects the embryo and helps the embryo to develop. The chorion is responsible for carrying oxygen to the embryo and releasing the waste carbon dioxide. Within the chorion is the amnion. The amnion contains the amniotic fluid which keeps the embryo from drying out, while helping the embryo to practice breathing. The allantois stores the waste and filters oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out the embryo. The yolk sac provides the necessary nutrition that the embryo needs.

14. Homologous Structures

This is a picture of my arm and my dog's leg. This picture represents homologous structures. Homologous structures are structures that are derived from a same evolutionary origin, which agrees from the theory that animals come from the same ancestors. For instance, the flipper of a whale, the wing of the bat, the leg of a dog, and the arm of a human all share similar structures (even though the functions are different). The fact that whales, bats, dogs, and humans are all mammals, and the fact that homologous structures are present show that these mammals came from a common ancestor.

13. Endosperm

This is a picture of a coconut. The coconut represents a fruit with an endosperm. An endosperm is a tissue that is produced from the inside of the seed, which provides nutrition (starch, oils, and proteins). The endosperm is found inside of the coconut (the white solid and the liquid). This is why the inside of the coconut is a tasty, as well as a healthy source of food. Corn and grain are other examples of plants that have an endosperm.

12. Heterotrophy

This is a picture of a bird. A bird is an example of a heterotroph. An organism that feeds on organic matter, because it is incapable of synthesizing its own organic compounds from inorganic sources is called a heterotroph. The birds' diet consists of small prey such as worms or insects; however bigger birds like eagles and hawks can feed on larger prey such as fish and snakes. All heterotrophs include animals, fungus, and some bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic). 

11. Gymnosperm Cone

This is a picture of a pine cone. This pine cone represents a gymnosperm cone. A gymnosperm cone is a plant that contains a xylem and a phloem (which conducts water and other minerals throughout the plant) in which the seeds are not enclosed by the ovary, hence the name gymnosperm or "naked seed". Pine is a subgroup of conifers, which are the largest group of gymnosperms. Other types of gymnosperms are cycads, ginkgo, and gnetales.

10. C3 plant

This is a picture of potatoes. Potatoes are an example of a C₃ plant. A C₃ plant uses a carbon fixation pathway that consists of three carbon atoms to convert carbon dioxide into a useful inorganic substance (carbon fixation). However, the enzyme that is responsible for this process (RuBisCO) can also react with oxygen. Once this occurs, the plant can consume the oxygen and produce carbon dioxide during photosynthesis (photorespiration). This is the reverse process that is not meant to occur in the plant because the nutrients needed for its survival can not be produced. Thus an evolutionary changed occurred to solve this problem (C₄ plants and CAM plants). Potatoes use this risky method of photosynthesis, as well as rice and wheat, which are other examples of C₃ plants.

9. Fermentation

This is a picture of wine. Wine is made from a process called fermentation. Fermentation is a process in which organic foods are broken down to smaller compounds and chemical energy. In the process of making wine, fermentation occurs by yeast (a single cell organism) breaking down the sugars in a juice (typically grape) into ethanol and carbon dioxide gas.

8. Mutualism

This is a picture of a cleaner shrimp in a fish tank that also contains fish. This picture represents mutualism. Mutualism is a mutual relationship between two species where both benefit from interactions with one other. The cleaner shrimp's diet consists of parasites that are present on some fish. The cleaner shrimp feeds off of the fish, thus keeping the fish safe from parasites while the shrimp gets the nutrients needed to survive.

7. Exoskeleton

This is a picture of a beetle. Beetles have a rigid external covering that provides support and protection. This is known as an exoskeleton, and is found in all arthropods. Crabs, lobsters, ants, millipedes, grasshoppers, and cockroaches are some other examples of arthropods.

6. Endotherm

This is a picture of a hamster. A hamster is an example of an endotherm. An endotherm is an animal that maintains a comfortable temperature through the internal functions that release heat. Endotherms, also known as warm blooded animals, include all mammals and birds.

5. Animal that has a Segemented Body

This is a picture of the larvae of darkling beetles, also known as mealworms. A mealworm represents an animal with a segmented body. This means that the division of the animal's body plan into equal segments. More examples of animals that have segmented bodies range from other species of worms,  insects, and many more.

4. Detritivore

This is a picture of a sea star. A sea star is an example of a detritivore. A detritivore is an organism that feeds off of the remains from decomposing plants or animals. The sea stars' diet consists of a wide variety of plants and animals, but it is common for some sea stars to feed off of decomposing animals on the ocean floor. Detritivores are found in all ecosystems and are helpful to their environment by recycling nutrients back to the plants.

3. Autotroph

This is a picture of a sunflower. This flower is an example of an autotroph. An organism that is capable of synthesizing its own organic substances from inorganic sources is defined as an autotroph. This sunflower obtains its nutrients by absorbing sunlight and creating sugar, as well as oxygen and  water. This process is known as photosynthesis.

2.Adaptation of a Plant

This is a picture of a water plant. The water plant represents an adaptation of a plant. An adaptation of a plant is a genetic change that helps a plant to survive in its environment. Plants obtain their nutrients from a process called photosynthesis. However, if a plant is submerged in water this process becomes difficult for the plant to obtain its nutrients, because less light is present for the leaves to absorb. Thus several adaptations are made from water plants to help the plant absorb the sunlight. These adaptations vary from aerenchyma, waxy leaves, hard stems, and many more, which make the plant more capable of obtaining the nutrients needed for its survival.

1. Adaptation of an Animal

This is a picture of an iguana. An iguana is a type of lizard that predominantly lives in a jungle. They demonstrate the adaptation of an animal. An adaptation of an animal is a genetic change that helps an animal survive in its environment. In this case, iguanas have a keen sense of sight, claws to help climb trees easily, and a skin color that is similar to the animal's environment. All of these genetic changes allow the iguana to have a better chance of survival in its natural habitat.